Thus, both young boys and girls get “black henna” body art. Parents who believe that “black henna” is harmless allow their children to have body art done, unaware of the risk of sensitization. Children are attracted to body art that mimics tattoos because they like to imitate adult behavior. Those who get “black henna” body art are usually children or young adults. “black henna” is readily available on boardwalks and beaches, and in shopping malls, resorts, amusement parks, festivals, and fairs. It is not limited to a specific custom or style. In contrast, “black henna,” when it is used in spaces of tourism, is used to mimic the look of true tattoos. Traditional henna body art is highly gendered it is used for decorating and beautifying women, especially for celebrations and social events. On the other hand, getting a “black henna” tattoo is much less gendered in western cultures, leading to a fairly even split in the numbers of males and females getting a temporary “black henna” tattoo. Another study estimated that 70% of women and 20% of men have used hair dye at least once in their lifetime. About 30-40% of women and up to 10% of men in North America are regular hair dye users. Gender-specific grooming practices will be explored further in the next section. Men spend less time and money in the use and consumption of beauty products and services. Traditionally, self-grooming and concerns for beauty have been characterized as feminine behaviors. This man will have permanent scarring from his “black henna” body art, and is now sensitized to PPD. Understanding gendered behavior may lead to better education, prevention, and treatment of PPD sensitization in men. Men show reluctance to seek medical attention this puts them at risk for future complications which could be avoided. Men who work in industries involving frequent contact with products that contain PPD or cross-reacting allergens may be forced out of their jobs to avoid continual allergic reaction. Certain populations of men experience higher rates of facial dermatitis due to frequent beard dyeing. While it is true that, overall, a higher percentage of women have PPD sensitization than men, it is important to discuss issues specific to men’s self-grooming and help-seeking behaviors that put the male population at unique risks. This leads some to presume that PPD sensitization is more of a concern for women. Both body art and the use of hair dye are gendered behaviors more women participate than men. PPD sensitization rates also vary between genders. Rates of sensitization are also higher in countries where “black henna” is commonly used in place of traditional henna. Rates are higher in populations with darker hair, as dark hair dyes contain higher PPD concentrations. Overall, sensitization rates appear to be increasing over time. Prevalence rates of PPD sensitization are about 6.2% in North America, 4% in Europe, and 4.3% in Asia. Outside of occupation-related sensitization, the average person is sensitized to PPD through a black henna tattoo, or through the use of hair dye. Occupations that involve repeated exposure to PPD, such as hair stylists, and fur and textile workers, show higher rates of employees with PPD sensitization. Basic information about PPD is covered in an earlier article, What You Need to Know About Para-Phenylenediamine. High concentrations and repeated exposure increase the likelihood of becoming sensitized. While genetics can increase chances of allergy, anyone can develop a PPD allergy. Para-phenyelenediamine (PPD) is one of the most common allergens in cosmetics.
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